We are on the road to a cure.
A cure for FOXG1 syndrome could involve a single genetic therapy or multiple therapeutics, depending on each child’s specific mutation. Our mission is to continuously work towards the most successful curative therapeutics for every child in the world with FOXG1 syndrome. As we are seeing with similar neurological disorders in clinical trials, a cure could eliminate seizures, improve movement disorders, help children stand and walk, improve memory and cognition, and improve communication. This is possible.
The FOXG1 Research Foundation Research and Development Therapeutic Programs are led by:
Chief Scientific Officer: Soo-Kyung Lee: University at Buffalo - FOXG1 Center of Excellence
Chief Drug Development Officer: Dr. Gai Ayalon
Chief Clinical Director: Elli Brimble
In addition to our leading therapeutic programs, we fund research projects with a consortium of scientists for the purpose of expanding our knowledge of foxg1 biology.
Our research is guided by our esteemed Advisory Board composed of scientists and physicians at leading hospitals, universities, and biotech firms.
Therapeutic Programs:
FOXG1 Gene Replacement Therapy
The goal of our gene replacement therapy program is to insert a healthy copy of the FOXG1 gene into cells in the body of individuals living with FOXG1 syndrome, to replace the loss of FOXG1 protein caused by the mutations.
This is done through injection of an AAV9 viral vector that encodes the healthy FOXG1 gene. Think of the vector as the boat and the additional healthy FOXG1 gene is the passenger. The vector (boat) is essential for the delivery of the additional FOXG1 gene (passenger) to cells that need it.
Our preclinical data shows that this technique works using various types of AAV vectors (boats) in animal models of FOXG1 syndrome, where we observe treatment-induced increase in expression of FOXG1 in animals’ brains and correspondingly we observe improvement in symptoms in the animals models, which recapitulate some of the symptoms characteristic of human FOXG1 syndrome patients. We found groundbreaking results showing restoration of the brain structural abnormalities (agenesis of the corpus callosum).
Next steps to bring our gene therapy to clinical trials:
Now that we have established the demonstration of treatment effect in animal models, we are focused on the selection of the optimal AAV vector that we will be carrying forward to initial, followed by advanced preclinical toxicology studies. These studies are critically important steps on the path for readiness for clinical trials, and start with “pilot toxicology studies” which are the initial preclinical safety assessment evaluation. If a drug candidate passes the pilot toxicology studies successfully, comprehensive and costly toxicology studies, known as “GLP toxicology studies” (GLP standing for Good Laboratory Practice) are conducted. GLP toxicology studies are considered “IND-enabling”, which means they are required and mandated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and International regulatory agencies before an Investigational New Drug (IND) application can be submitted to FDA and a new drug candidate is allowed to be tested in a clinical trial in humans.
FOXG1 ASO Therapy
Each gene in the human body is composed of four nucleotides - A, T, C and G, and a messenger RNA (mRNA) which is also comprised on nucleotides, is a molecule that cells make as a template in order to produce a protein based on the information coded by any given gene. Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASO’s) are synthetic molecules that are designed to bind to a specific mRNA of choice, and can change how this mRNA will be used by the cell to produce a protein (for example to produce less or more of it). We have identified a group of ASO molecules that connect to the FOXG1 mRNA and can upregulate FOXG1 gene expression. For all loss-of-function mutations, patients suffer from a decrease in FOXG1 gene expression. Using a proprietary platform, we are testing these ASO’s to find the most optimal ones. We will then test the ‘winners’ on our patient stem cell and animal models.
FOXG1 Drug Repurposing Therapies
Drug repurposing involves taking a drug that has been successful for another target and using it to treat symptoms of FOXG1. The drugs we are focused on are called ‘small molecules’ which are chemical compounds with a low molecular weight (like Tylenol). Small molecules can be very successful in treating important symptoms like seizures, movement disorders, and even improving memory and communication.
We have multiple drug screens underway on zebrafish, c-elegans (worms) and neurons.
We have spent years picking the most effective drug screening platforms and focusing on measurable symptoms such as restoration of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal imbalance, change of FOXG1 expression and specific patient symptoms. For more information, watch this FOXG1 Research ‘Inside Science’ video.
Collaborator Projects
FOXG1 RNAi Therapy
RNAi is short for ‘RNA interference’. Similar to turning off a light switch, RNAi selectively interferes and “turns off” the activity of a single gene. We have identified multiple sequences and conducted experiments that both upregulate and downregulate FOXG1 gene expression via RNAi mechanisms in human neurons. We are working on the next stage of this project to stabilize these sequences and test for efficacy and toxicity in additional patient derived human stem cells and animal models.
Lab: Mallamaci Lab - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development - SISSA, Italy
FOXG1 tRNA Therapy:
We are exploring the use of a suppressor tRNA technology to correct certain nonsense mutations. tRNAs are molecules that carry specific amino-acids to be incorporated in the growing chain of peptides during protein synthesis. This process can be hijacked to bypass stop codons (nonsense mutations) and restore normal protein synthesis. In other words, a stop codon nonsense mutation acts like a period in the A, C, T, G DNA sequence. This period causes DNA to stop being read. But, the gene and protein are perfectly intact (not deleted). tRNA technology aims to ‘delete’ the period so the rest of the DNA can be ready properly. We have already engineered tRNA with the capacity to repair several FOXG1 nonsense mutations.
Labs:
Lee lab - University at Buffalo - FOXG1 Research Center of Excellence
Ahern Lab - University of Iowa
Bedwell Lab - University of Alabama at Birmingham
FOXG1 CRISPRa Therapy
Unlike CRISPR, which cuts into DNA, CRISPRa regulates DNA. Thus, it is a much safer option than CRISPR that could work in the near future. We have identified a host of CRISPRa sequences that can upregulate expression from the endogenous FOXG1 locus. We are testing these in human stem cells and checking for restoration of the transcriptional profile of FOXG1 neurons as well as off-target effects. For more information, watch this FOXG1 Research Inside Science Video.
Lab: The Fink Lab - University of California, Davis
FOXG1 Postmortem Brain Tissue Bank
Autism BrainNet, Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
We have partnered with the Autism BrainNet to help promote innovative, high-quality research on postmortem brain tissue with the goal of improving the understanding of FOXG1 syndrome.
Postmortem brain tissue is an invaluable resource for advancing our knowledge of the biology of FOXG1 and for identifying targets for treatments that could improve the quality of life of individuals with Foxg1 and their families. The brain’s donated to AutismBrainNet undergo full genome sequencing, providing incredible knowledge for scientists
As a collaborative network of scientific institutions, Autism BrainNet includes three sites, also called nodes, in the United States and two international partnerships in Canada and the United Kingdom. Each node follows the high standards set by Autism BrainNet to collect, process, store and distribute the precious gift of donated brain tissue to qualified researchers worldwide. Applications to receive brain tissue for research are evaluated for scientific merit by the Autism BrainNet Scientific Review Committee, a group of highly respected physicians and scientists.
Spelling Key: FOXG1 - the protein in humans and mouse models | FOXG1 and Foxg1 in italics- refer to the gene in humans and animal models , respectively. source: NIH National Library of Medicine